プロジェクト管理とは

Understanding project management

Project management guides a project from start to finish. With a structured approach, teams can achieve specific goals within a defined time, budget, and resource constraints. Whether you're launching a new product, organizing an event, or implementing a company-wide initiative, effective project management drives success.

The core phases of project management include:

• Planning: In the first stage, you'll define project scope, objectives, and steps to achieve them. This stage involves creating a detailed roadmap, planning resources, and identifying potential risks.
• Executing: This is where you put the plan into action by coordinating people and resources, managing stakeholder expectations, and overseeing the completion of tasks.
• Monitoring: Monitoring involves tracking progress, measuring performance against key indicators, and adjusting as needed to keep the project on track.
• Closing: This is the formal ending of the project. In this stage, you'll evaluate the project's success, document lessons learned, and release resources.

So why do businesses need project management? Let's take a look at a few reasons:

• Achieve the project goals within the defined scope
• Complete the project within the allocated time frame
• Stay within the approved budget
• Deliver high-quality results
• Manage risks and address issues that come up
• Improve communication among teams and stakeholders

Types of project management

Have you heard the adage “more than one way to cook an egg”? There’s no one strategy for completing a kick-ass project. That’s where a project management methodology comes into play. It’s a set of rules, principles, and processes for managing a project.

Methodologies might sound formal, but you have some room to innovate here! It’s important to note that many teams and companies use a combination rather than relying exclusively on one. Regardless of your approach, it should help promote a strong culture of transparency.

1. アジャイル プロジェクト管理

プロジェクト管理プロセスの最初のステップは計画だとお考えですか? 実はそうではありません。プロジェクトの戦略を詳細に策定する前に、関係者の賛同を得る必要があります。ここで役立つのがプロジェクト計画書です。承認を得るためにプロジェクトのビジネス目標を概説するためのものです。アトラシアンは、プロジェクト計画書ではなくプロジェクト ポスターのご利用をお勧めします。こちらのほうが理解しやすい形式で、すばやく利用できて読みやすいためです。このステージでは次のような問いに答えます。

• このプロジェクトのビジネス ケースはどのようなものですか? アトラシアンの戦略計画テンプレートが役立ちます。
• このプロジェクトは実現可能か?
• このプロジェクトを実施すべきか?

簡単に言えば、このステージでは、過度に労力を費やす前に、このプロジェクトに取り組む価値があるかどうかを判断することを試みます。

この話し合いを促進する最適な方法は、プレモーテムです。悪い方向に進む可能性を想定して、防止する方法を決定する思考の訓練です。

2. Waterfall project management

従来の順序の決まったプロジェクト管理といえば、ウォーターフォール型プロジェクト管理を思い浮かべるかと思います。この方法では、プロジェクトを異なるフェーズに分割します。1 つのフェーズが終了すると、次のフェーズが始まります。それらの間に重複はありません。

3. Scrum

コーヒーを用意してコンピューターの前に座り、行動開始です。プロジェクト計画に従い、チーム一丸となってプロジェクト タスクを成功させる作業に取り組むときが来ました。実行ステージでは、次のことが必要になります。

• 必要なリソースを割り当てます。
• 担当者がタスクを実行できるようにします。
• これはステータス ミーティングを開催します。
• 追跡システムを設定します。

作業の大部分はこのステージで発生します。また、プロジェクトが実際に形になる様子が見え始めます。お分かりいただけましたか? 計画にはその価値があるでしょう。

4. Lean project management

The stages of project management

Imagine that you’re starting a project from the very beginning. Project management doesn’t come into play only when you start checking off tasks — you need to lay the groundwork first.

With that in mind, the Project Management Institute (PMI) established five distinct project management phases.

1. Project Initiation

Think the first step of the project management process is planning? Not quite. Before you can map out a strategy for your project, you need to get stakeholder buy-in. Create a project charter to outline the business objective of your project for approval. You can also use a project poster, as it’s a more digestible format that’s faster and easier to read. In this stage, you should answer questions like:

• What’s the business case for this project?
• このプロジェクトは実現可能か?
• このプロジェクトを実施すべきか?

To put it simply, at this stage, you’re trying to decide if this project is worth tackling before you invest too much elbow grease.

A great way to help facilitate this discussion is a premortem, a thought exercise in which you imagine what could go wrong and decide how to prevent it.

2. Project Planning

If you decide to move forward, you’ll head into the project planning stage. This is where you’ll develop a detailed project plan that your entire team will follow––and thank you for! Planning is essential for avoiding scope creep. Questions to answer in this stage include:

• このプロジェクトの目標は何か?
• KPI (主要業績評価指標) は何か?
• スコープは何か?
• どれだけの予算か?
• どのようなリスクがあるか?
• どのチーム メンバーが関与するか?
• どのようなタスクが関与するか?
• どのようなマイルストーンを満たす必要があるか?

This step ensures you and your team have shared expectations before you get started. If you think you’re getting too caught up in the minutiae, you aren’t. Strategic planning frameworks can help, too!

3. Project Execution

Grab your coffee and get your power cable because it’s go-time. Stage 3 is where you and your team will roll up your sleeves and start conquering project tasks with your project plan as your guide. In the project execution stage, you’ll need to:

• 必要なリソースを割り当てます。
• 担当者がタスクを実行できるようにします。
• これはステータス ミーティングを開催します。
• 追跡システムを設定します。

作業の大部分はこのステージで発生します。また、プロジェクトが実際に形になる様子が見え始めます。お分かりいただけましたか? 計画にはその価値があるでしょう。

4. Project monitoring and reporting

プロジェクト計画があるからといって、物事がひとりでに円滑に進むわけではありません。これは予算の設定に似ています。お金の管理に注意を払わなければ、予算があっても意味がありません。

That’s why you must monitor project progress to ensure things stay on track. You should evaluate your project against the KPIs you established in the planning stage.

What should you do if your project feels like it’s strayed from the path or fallen prey to scope creep? Take a moment to reevaluate. You can decide if you need to realign things or if your original plan needs to shift. That’s the great thing about monitoring — you have regular checkpoints to correct the course.

5. Project Closure

クローズ ステージでは、未処理事項を片付けます。これには、次が含まれます。

• 事後分析または振り返りを開催して、プロジェクトを評価します。
• 最終プロジェクト レポートを準備します。
• Collecting and storing necessary project documentation somewhere safe. A collaborative documentation space like Confluence is great for this.

This not only gives your team the chance to officially end the project, but it also makes it easier to refer back to it when necessary.

Key skills every project manager needs

Project managers make sure everyone is on the same page, and initiatives are completed on time. They keep tasks on track, allocate and manage resources, and act as a central point of communication for stakeholders. Here are a few skills every project manager needs to be successful in their role:

• Leadership: Effective leadership inspires team members, sets clear direction, and motivates everyone to achieve project goals. You can build leadership skills through Atlassian’s Team Playbook, which offers exercises for building trust and alignment within teams.
• Communication: Strong communication ensures all stakeholders are informed, aligned, and engaged throughout the project lifecycle. Essentially, with a good project manager, no one feels out of the loop. Project managers can communicate clearly using Confluence for documentation and Jira for task updates.
• Time management: Efficient time management keeps projects on schedule and helps balance multiple priorities. Use Jira’s time tracking features and Gantt chart template to manage tasks and deadlines.
• Problem-solving: Quick and effective problem-solving helps overcome obstacles and keep projects moving forward. Use Atlassian’s 5 Whys template in Confluence to analyze and solve complex problems.
• Technical proficiency: Understanding relevant technologies helps make better decisions and communicate with technical team members. Stay updated with Atlassian’s product tutorials and webinars to enhance your technical skills in project management software.
• Adaptability: Flexibility helps project managers and teams understand and execute changing project requirements and manage unexpected challenges. Practice agile methodologies using Jira’s Scrum and Kanban boards to improve adaptability in project management.
• Budgeting and cost control: Managing project finances ensures that the project stays within budget constraints. Use Jira’s reporting features to track project costs and avoid going over budget.

Tools used in project management

適切なプロジェクト管理ソフトウェアを選択するのは難しい場合があります。チームがプロジェクト管理ツールを最大限に活用するには、次の機能を提供するソリューションを探すことをお勧めします。

• 共有カレンダーを作成し、プロジェクトのマイルストーンと期限を追跡する
• ファイルやドキュメントを共有し、簡単にアクセスしてコラボレーションできる
• タスク リストを作成し、チーム メンバーにタスクを割り当てる
• プロジェクトの進捗を追跡し、レポートを生成する
• チーム メンバーと関係者間のコミュニケーションを促進し、合理化する
• プロジェクトの期間と予算を見積もる
• チーム メンバーがタスクにコメントしたり、フィードバックを提供したりできる
• 自動化されたリマインダーと通知を生成する
• プロジェクト テンプレートを設定して、プロジェクトの作成を合理化する
• リソースと作業負荷を管理する
• 課題とリスクを追跡する
• 変更リクエストを管理する
• 詳細なレポートを作成する
• プロジェクトのパフォーマンスを監視する

プロジェクト チームの主要メンバー

Every project must begin by identifying roles and responsibilities. Knowing your role upfront sets everyone up for success in staying on track to meet project deadlines. Potential project roles include:

• Project manager: A person who oversees the entire project and is responsible for the project’s success.
• プロジェクト スポンサー: プロジェクトを統括して、プロジェクト マネージャーと緊密に協力するシニア マネージャー。
• チーム メンバー: プロジェクトのタスクに実際に取り組みます。
• サプライヤー: プロジェクトに物品またはサービスを提供します。
• 関係者: プロジェクトに関心のある人。次のように分けられます。
  • 主要な関係者: 実際に作業を行って、プロジェクトに積極的に関与する人。
  • 二次的な関係者: ミーティングに出席して小さい役割を果たす可能性があるものの、プロジェクトの主要な意思決定者ではない人。
• 関心のある関係者: プロジェクトに関与しているが、積極的な役割を果たさないか大きい影響力を持たない人。
• Client: The person or team who receives the final project if it’s a client-facing project rather than an internal one.

1. コラボレーションを改善する

Good project management is about balancing structure with adaptability. These practices will help you stay organized while remaining nimble enough to tackle whatever comes your way:

• Kick things off right: Start with a project kickoff meeting. Set goals, timelines, and roles to get everyone on the same page. It's your chance to clear up confusion and build excitement.
• Map out your dependencies: Tasks and resources are often interconnected. Use tools like Gantt charts to visualize these links and avoid bottlenecks.
• Find your critical path: Identify the longest chain of must-do tasks. This will help you determine where you have wiggle room and where you need to stick to the schedule.
• Be realistic with timelines: We all tend to underestimate how long things take. Look at past projects for guidance, and don't be afraid to pad your schedule a bit.
• Leverage project management software: Tools like Jira keep everything in one place. No more digging through endless email threads to find what you need.
• Clarify roles and responsibilities: Make sure everyone knows what they're supposed to do. It prevents toe-stepping and helps people play to their strengths.
• Make it a team effort: Don't plan in isolation. Your team has valuable insights, so involve them in the process. It'll lead to better plans and boost buy-in.
• Communicate, communicate, communicate: Regular status updates keep everyone in the loop. Be transparent about progress and setbacks.
• Stay flexible: Requirements can change. Be prepared to adjust your plans while keeping your end goal in sight.

Use Jira to your advantage. Jira boards can help implement many of these practices. They offer real-time updates, promote collaboration, and keep everyone aligned so teams can efficiently plan, track, and manage work.

立ち上げ

Start your project off right with these templates

• Competitive analysis: Scope out the competition.
• SWOT analysis: Identify your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
• Brainstorming: Get those creative juices flowing with a structured brainstorming session.

計画

Set the stage for success with these project planning templates:

• Project plan: Create your roadmap for the entire project.
• Project kickoff: Start things off on the right foot with a well-organized kickoff.

実行

Keep your project moving with these execution-phase templates:

• Kanban board: Visualize your workflow and manage tasks.
• Task tracking: Keep tabs on who’s doing what and when.
• Scrum board: Agile teams use this template to manage sprints.
• Work breakdown structure: Break down complex projects into more manageable tasks.
• Gantt chart: Map out your project timeline visually.
• Project roadmap: Plot your long-term project strategy.
• Meeting notes: Keep your team meetings productive and well-documented.

監視

Use the project status template to keep stakeholders in the loop with regular updates and stay on top of your project's success

クローズ

Wrap up your project effectively with these templates:

• Retrospective: Reflect on what went well and what could be improved.
• 5 Whys Analysis: Discover the root causes of issues you encountered.

Jira offers these templates and more, helping teams improve productivity and streamline project management processes. Want to explore more? Check out Atlassian’s full range of free project management templates.